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\u003C\u002Ftd>\n\u003C\u002Ftr>\n\u003C\u002Ftbody>\n\u003C\u002Ftable>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cb> 2.对环境的影响: \u003C\u002Fb>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>一、健康危害 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>侵入途径：吸入、食入、经皮吸收。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>诊断：杀虫脒中毒后，首先出现兴奋，来回奔跑；继而乏力、口干、心慌、头昏、头痛等不适；后转入抑制，极度疲劳、肢体麻木、嗜睡、血压下降、精神萎糜、神志恍惚，少数人有面唇青紫及尿频、尿急、血尿等血性膀胱炎，重症者呈深度昏迷，四肢或全身癔病样抽搐，面色苍白、瞳孔散大、呼吸浅表，反射消失，可由呼吸、循环衰竭而致死。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>由于体内的杀虫脒大部分由尿排出，因此检查尿液为诊断的一个重要环节。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>长期低浓度接触者，有失眠、多梦、血压偏低、手心多汗等神经衰弱症候群，以及眼心反射异常等植物神经功能紊乱等症状。经皮肤污染者，出现局部青紫，状如大理石花纹，遇冷时更明显。作甲皱床微循环检查，见血管攀数减少、变细、微血管轻度痉挛、渗液水肿，冷试验阳性。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>有报道1例吞服30ml的杀虫脒乳剂致死。急性中毒时轻者有乏力、嗜睡、多汗、恶心、呕吐。重者有昏迷、反射消失而常死于呼吸和循环衰竭。致畸胎试验呈阳性。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>杀虫脒可经消化道、呼吸道和皮肤吸收，在体内主要分布于肝、肾及脂肪组织，生产性中毒主要是由于皮肤污染而引起的。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>二、毒理学资料及环境行为 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>急性毒性：LD50250mg\u002Fkg(大鼠经口)；290mg\u002Fkg(小鼠经口)；625mg\u002Fkg(兔经口)；640mg\u002Fkg(大鼠经皮)；LC501700mg\u002Fm3，小时大鼠吸入 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>水生生物毒性：LC5010～40mg\u002FL，48小时，鲤鱼；LC5042mg\u002FL(乳剂)，48小时，泥鳅；LC50 10～40mg\u002FL，3小时，水蚤，拟蚤 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>其它毒性：杀虫脒对蜜蜂无毒。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>慢性毒性：杀虫脒慢性中毒的动物可出现体重下降、血细胞压积、血红蛋白和红细胞计数下降、白细胞数增加等。病理检查可见肝脏有结节和细胞增殖灶，肝、肾、心脏、肾上腺、睾丸等脏器系数增加等。国内有人曾对从事杀虫脒生产工人进行过连续3年的动态观察，除发现工人常有咽喉不适、咽部充血、多痰、胸部不适等刺激症状外，尚有头晕、乏力、多梦、失眠等神经衰弱症候状群，以及眼心反射异常等植物神经功能紊乱等症状。这些症状有与工人作业工龄延长而增加的趋势。停止接触后，部分工人的症状可以减轻或消失。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>致癌：WHO1972年报道，在慢性毒性实验中，已发现杀虫脒能诱发大鼠和狗的肝细胞结节性增生和胆小管增生。瑞士Sachassc博士用小鼠实验，获得了杀虫脒及其代谢产物对氯邻甲苯胺致癌阳性结果。小鼠皮敷杀虫脒后皮肤发生了鳞状细胞癌、乳头状瘤、表皮增生等一系列病变，其发生率与杀虫脒剂量成正相关，而且还能使内脏生癌。1987年JMPR报告中提出，在接触杀虫脒的工人的尿中检出了对氯邻甲苯胺，这些工人的膀胱癌发生率是未接触工人的72倍。国内生态流行病学提示，长期大量使用杀虫脒地区显示肿瘤及女性膀胱癌有所增加。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>致突变：在杀虫脒致突变研究中，国内一些单位所做的DNA抑制试验及DNA修复试验均获得阳性结果。这些实验表明杀虫脒及其代谢产物对氯邻甲苯胺对DNA有损伤和诱变作用。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>代谢和降解：进入机体的杀虫脒较易降解，排泄较快。排泄途径以肾脏为主，其次随粪、胆汁、乳汁排出。用H3、C14标记的杀虫脒给犬口服后，尿中排泄85%，胆汁排泄5%，粪中排出0.6%。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>杀虫脒在土壤中分解迅速，在大田条件下，50%杀虫脒消失的时间为20至40天。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>在中性和碱性介质中，首先水解成4-氯-N-甲酰-邻-甲苯胺。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>残留与蓄积：杀虫脒在体内迅速代谢，并以中等速度从体内排出，无明显积蓄作用。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>一项研究表明，除桃之外，收获前所有水果中残留总量不超过1mg\u002Fkg。在桃中，收获前发现有1.6mg\u002Fkg的杀虫脒和0.2mg\u002Fkg的4-氯-2-甲基甲酰替苯胺。后者比前者的残留时间要更持久些。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>迁移转化：杀虫脒进入环境的主要途径有药物喷洒、生产废水排放以及交通运输、储存等事故性排放。在环境中，杀虫脒主要归宿于水体和土壤。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>危险特性：遇明火、高热可燃。受热分解，放出氮氧化物和氯化物等有毒气体。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>燃烧(分解)产物：一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氯化氢、氧化氮。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\n\u003Cb>3.现场应急监测方法: \u003C\u002Fb>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>直接进水样气相色谱法 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\n\u003Cb>4.实验室监测方法: \u003C\u002Fb>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>气相色谱法《常见有毒化学品环境事故应急处置技术与监测方法》胡望钧主编 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>气相色谱法《空气中有害物质的测定方法》(第二版)杭士平主编 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>盐酸萘乙二胺比色法； \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\n\u003Cb>5.环境标准: \u003C\u002Fb>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>前苏联 车间卫生标准 0.3mg\u002Fm3 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>美国(1981)食物和饲料中容洗残留限值 0.05～12mg\u002Fkg(特定动植物农产品) \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\n\u003Cb>6.应急处理处置方法: \u003C\u002Fb>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>一、泄漏应急处理 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>疏散泄漏污染区人员至安全区，禁止无关人员进入污染区，建议应急处理人员戴自给式呼吸器，穿化学防护服。不要直接接触泄漏物，用砂土、蛭石或其它惰性材料吸收，然后收集转移到安全场所，也可以用大量水冲洗，经稀释的洗水放入废水系统。如大量泄漏，利用围堤收容，然后收集、转移、回收或无害处理后废弃。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>二、防护措施 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>呼吸系统防护：生产操作或农业使用时，建议佩带防毒口罩。紧急事态抢救或逃生时，应该佩带自给式呼吸器。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>眼睛防护：戴化学安全防护眼镜。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>防护服：穿相应的防护服。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>手防护：戴防护手套。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>其它：工作现场禁止吸烟、进食和饮水。工作后，彻底清洗。工作服不要带到作业场所，单独存放被毒物污染的衣服，洗后再用。注意个人清洁卫生。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>三、急救措施 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>杀虫脒中毒时，主要是及时对症治疗。口服者应洗胃。皮肤污染者，应脱去衣服，用肥皂水充分清洗。眼睛接触时，立即提起眼睑，用流动清水冲洗10分钟或用2%碳酸氢钠溶液冲洗。有呼吸困难者给予吸氧。静脉滴注10%葡萄糖500～1500ml加维生素C(500～2000mg)，以加强解毒作用，促使毒物排出体外。严重中毒有紫绀时，可用小剂量美蓝静脉注射，给以保肝药物及各种维生素。在治疗中应密切观察病人肝、肾功能受损情况。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>对中毒者给予葡萄糖盐水、维生素C及中枢神经兴奋剂、利尿剂等对症治疗，对经口中毒病人，静脉注射1%美蓝4～10ml或10%硫代硫酸钠10ml。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>杀虫脒中毒的预防措施与其它农药相似。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>水稻整个生长期内只准使用1次。每亩用25%水剂100g，距收割期不得少于40天；每亩用25%水剂200g，距收割期不得少于70天。禁止在其它粮食、油料、蔬菜、果树、药材、茶叶、烟草、甘蔗、甜菜等作物上使用。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>防止沾污扩散：生产过程要防止跑、冒、滴、漏，搞好生产废水的处理。交通运输中应严格按法规要求，悬挂危险品、毒品标记。贮存时要单独存放，不得与食品、饮料混放。鉴于杀虫脒是致癌物。应特别控制其施药浓度及范围。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\u003Cbr \u002F>灭火方法：泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土。 \n\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cbr \u002F>\u003Cbr \u002F>\n\n\u003C\u002Ftd>","2026-08-21T07:51:12.859463Z",false,[318,324,330,336,342,348],{"slug":319,"cid":320,"name":321,"nameZh":322,"cas":323},"785876549990617088","J-13563-8","1-(Cyclohexylcarbonyl)piperazine","1-(环己基羰基)哌嗪","27561-62-2",{"slug":325,"cid":326,"name":327,"nameZh":328,"cas":329},"785880699503644672","J-1377327-0","2-Methoxy-9H-carbazole","2-甲氧基咔唑","6933-49-9",{"slug":331,"cid":332,"name":333,"nameZh":334,"cas":335},"785895054446170112","J-39967-4","Tungsten carbide 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